Dr Yusuf Mansur*
Jordan today launched its 2026
Population and Housing Census, one of the largest statistical operations
undertaken by the state. At first glance, the exercise may appear to be simply
about determining the size of the population: How many people are we? And where
do we live? But the real value of a census goes far beyond arriving at a new
population figure. From an economic perspective, a census is an investment in
information—information upon which decisions involving billions of dinars will
be based in the years ahead.
The idea is not new. Thousands of
years ago, states and civilizations understood that managing an economy begins
with knowing its people and resources. Historical records indicate that the
Babylonians practiced an early form of census, with some estimates dating it to
around 3800 BC. Records also point to the development of a more systematic
approach to recording wealth in Mesopotamia during the third millennium BC.
From Babylon, the idea spread in different forms to other civilizations.
Ancient Egypt used enumeration to assess population, labor, and resources,
while Rome developed a more systematic system with an additional focus on
citizens’ rights. The word census itself comes from the Latin censere,
meaning to assess or evaluate.
The function of the census,
however, changed fundamentally with the emergence of the modern state. The
objective became to determine where people live, their ages, education levels,
household characteristics and housing conditions, as well as to identify the
communities that will need schools, hospitals, water, transportation, and
employment opportunities in the years ahead. This is why the United Nations
recommends conducting a population and housing census within a ten-year cycle.
A census is among the largest and most complex operations undertaken by
governments in peacetime, and the resulting data are used for development
planning, social policies, market analysis, the allocation of services, and
emergency response.
In Jordan, the story began in
1952, when the first enumeration of buildings, housing units, and population
was conducted. The population at the time stood at around 586,000. In 1961,
Jordan carried out its first comprehensive Population and Housing Census using
scientific methodologies consistent with United Nations recommendations,
collecting more detailed demographic, social, and economic information.
Subsequent censuses were conducted in 1979, 1994, 2004, and 2015. Their results
provided the basis for population estimates and many economic and social
indicators between censuses.
Jordan is entering a new phase
with the 2026 Census. The operation covers approximately 2.5 million households
and around one million buildings, distributed across some 24,000 statistical
blocks. Nearly 12,000 field researchers are participating, including around
10,000 teachers. Technology is also playing a greater role than before through
tablets, electronic questionnaires, digital maps, links with government
administrative records, and the use of artificial intelligence tools for
verification and monitoring.
The estimated cost of the census
is around JD24 million, a relatively small amount compared with what the
country could lose if investment decisions involving billions of dinars were
made on the basis of outdated or inaccurate population information. Over the
coming years, the state will build schools, hospitals, roads, water and
sanitation networks, public transportation systems, housing projects, and other
infrastructure. It will have to decide where universities and schools should be
expanded, where new healthcare facilities are needed, where demand for water
and energy is increasing, and where training and employment programs should be
directed. Every one of these decisions has a cost, and some will have
consequences lasting for decades.
If a school is built in an area
where the number of children is declining while another area is experiencing
increasing overcrowding, there will be an economic cost and a waste of scarce
resources. If infrastructure is built in a location that does not represent the
real demographic priority, there is an opportunity cost. And if the state does
not know where tens of thousands of young people will be entering the labor
market in the coming years, employment and training policies become less
effective. Population data therefore become a form of economic infrastructure,
just as a country needs roads, electricity, and telecommunications.
The benefits are not limited to
government. An investor seeking to establish a factory needs to know where the
labor force is located. A retailer needs to know where population, income, and
demand are growing. A real estate developer needs information about household
size and composition and the direction of urban expansion. Investors in
education and healthcare need to understand the age structure and geographic
distribution of the population. The database generated by the census is
therefore an economic asset used by the public sector, the private sector, and
researchers alike.
The census also performs another
important economic function: it provides the basis for calculating many of the
indicators used to assess economic performance. GDP per capita requires an
accurate estimate of the population. The same applies to the number of
physicians relative to the population, student numbers, labor-force
participation rates, and indicators related to poverty, public services,
housing, and others. If the denominator on which these calculations are based
is inaccurate, the indicator itself may provide an inaccurate picture.
This is why conducting a census
periodically is so important. Jordan’s population, which stood at around
586,000 in 1952, has now exceeded 12 million. But it is not only the number
that has changed. The geographic distribution of the population, its age structure,
the size of cities, housing patterns, migration, and demand for public services
have also changed. A country changing at this pace cannot plan for the future
using a demographic map that is more than a decade old.
The economic logic is clear:
better information reduces the probability of making the wrong decision, and a
wrong decision involving a project worth hundreds of millions may cost far more
than the information that could have prevented it. For a country that will make investment decisions worth
billions of dinars over the coming decade, accurate information may prove to be
one of its highest-return and lowest-cost investments.
*The author is a former
Jordanian Minister of State for Economic Affairs.
https://jordantimes.com/opinion/yusuf-mansur/the-economics-of-counting-people