Dr. Yusuf Mansur*
Oil symbolized economic power and geopolitical influence
throughout the twentieth century. Every disruption in oil supply translated
into soaring prices, slower global growth, and heightened uncertainty in
financial markets. Yet the recent conflict following the U.S. and Israeli
military strikes on Iran delivered a different lesson. Despite the disruption
of more than ten million barrels of oil per day through the Strait of Hormuz,
along with nearly one-fifth of global liquefied natural gas trade, oil prices
never reached the levels many analysts had anticipated. Instead, they peaked at
around $104 per barrel before gradually retreating.
This does not mean the world escaped the crisis unscathed.
Poorer Asian economies bore much of the burden through rising diesel prices and
the prospect of higher food costs resulting from disruptions in fertilizer
trade. The broader message, however, is that the global economy has become far
less vulnerable to oil shocks than it was only a few decades ago.
Several factors explain this resilience, including
diversified transportation routes, the use of strategic petroleum reserves, and
the reallocation of energy imports. Yet the most significant factor has been
the gradual transformation of the global energy mix. Renewable energy—and solar
power in particular—has become a central pillar of the world's energy system.
Recent reports indicate that renewables have surpassed coal for the first time
in more than a century as the world's largest source of electricity generation,
while solar power alone accounted for roughly three-quarters of the increase in
global electricity demand. Solar's contribution to electricity generation has
expanded nearly nineteen-fold over the past decade.
Oil remains the world's most heavily traded commodity, but
its relative importance continues to decline. During the oil embargo of the
1970s, petroleum supplied nearly half of global energy demand. Today, according
to the International Energy Agency, its share has fallen below 30 percent. This
does not signal the end of the oil era, but it does indicate that the world is
steadily moving toward a more diversified energy system with less dependence on
a single fuel.
The story of solar energy demonstrates that major economic
transformations are driven not only by natural resources, but also by visionary
policies, innovation, and long-term investment. Since the first practical solar
cell was developed in the 1950s, leadership in the industry has shifted from
the United States to Japan, then Germany, and ultimately China, which
successfully transformed innovation into mass production while dramatically
reducing costs. Consequently, solar power has become one of the world's most
competitive sources of electricity.
Will we merely observe this transition, or will we become
one of its beneficiaries?
In my view, Jordan's opportunity may be greater than many realize. If
the twentieth century rewarded countries blessed with oil reserves, the
twenty-first century may reward those capable of transforming abundant sunshine
and wind into high-value industries and exports.
Jordan possesses several competitive advantages that
position it well for this transition. It enjoys some of the world's highest
levels of solar irradiation, promising wind resources, a strategic logistics
hub in Aqaba, and an established phosphate and fertilizer industry. Together,
these assets provide a strong foundation for developing a new economy centered
on green hydrogen, green ammonia, and their downstream industries. This vision
is already beginning to materialize through the approval of Jordan's first
major green ammonia investment project in Aqaba, valued at more than US$1
billion, marking the country's entry into the global green fuels market.
However, success will not come simply from having sunshine
and wind. Jordan's real competitive advantage lies not in exporting energy
itself, but in transforming it into value-added industries. This means
developing an integrated industrial ecosystem encompassing green hydrogen
production, green ammonia manufacturing, low-carbon fertilizers,
energy-intensive manufacturing powered by clean electricity, and advanced
logistics and technology services. The greatest economic value will come from
factories, supply chains, skilled employment, and high-value exports—not from
exporting raw energy alone.
The world has undeniably entered a new era in which oil is
no longer the undisputed king of energy markets. The defining question of the
coming decades will no longer be who owns the largest oil reserves, but rather
who can produce clean energy at the lowest cost and convert it into industries,
exports, and quality jobs.
For Jordan, the opportunity is evident, but realizing it
requires a clear execution strategy built around five integrated pillars.
First, expanding renewable electricity generation to provide internationally
competitive energy prices for industry. Second, accelerating green hydrogen and
green ammonia projects in Aqaba while integrating them with Jordan's phosphate
and fertilizer sectors. Third, establishing green industrial zones capable of
attracting low-carbon manufacturing and export-oriented industries. Fourth,
investing in research, education, and workforce development to build the human
capital needed for the emerging green economy. Finally, forging long-term
strategic partnerships with Europe and Asia, which are expected to become among
the world's largest importers of green hydrogen and clean fuels over the coming
decades.
Success in the transition should be measured by its ability
to transform clean energy into higher value-added production, advanced
industries, new exports, and highly productive employment. Just as oil formed
the backbone of the global economy during the twentieth century, clean energy
and green industries could become the defining economic drivers of the
twenty-first.
If Jordan succeeds in seizing this moment by providing a
stable investment climate and aligning its energy ambitions with a coherent
industrial policy, it will not merely follow the global energy transition—it
could emerge as one of its principal beneficiaries. In such a future, sunshine
and wind will no longer be viewed simply as natural resources, but as strategic
economic assets capable of driving growth, raising productivity, expanding
exports, creating quality jobs, and placing Jordan on a competitive and
sustainable development path for decades to come.
* The writer is a Former Jordanian Minister of State for
Economic Affairs.