Dr. Yusuf Mansur*
For decades, economic development was
judged primarily through a narrow set of indicators, most notably gross
domestic product (GDP), income per capita, and unemployment rates. While these
measures remain important, they no longer tell the whole story. Over the past
three decades, economists and policymakers have come to recognize that
development is about far more than economic output. It is equally about
improving people's quality of life, expanding opportunities, enhancing public
services, and ensuring that the benefits of growth are broadly shared.
The intellectual foundations of local
development measurement can be traced back to the emergence of regional science
during the 1950s under the leadership of American economist Walter Isard,
widely regarded as the founding father of the discipline. In 1954, the Regional
Science Association was established, bringing together economists, geographers,
urban planners, and statisticians to develop analytical tools capable of
measuring disparities not only between countries but also among cities,
regions, and local communities.
The concept evolved significantly in
the decades that followed. Nobel laureate Amartya Sen transformed the
understanding of development by arguing that it should be measured by people's
capabilities and freedoms rather than income alone. Later, the Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi
Commission helped shift the international policy debate toward what became
known as the "Beyond GDP" agenda. The Commission argued that economic
progress should be assessed through a broader lens encompassing quality of
life, sustainability, inequality, human capital, environmental conditions, and
trust in public institutions—not merely the value of goods and services
produced.
Today, international organizations
have adopted a multidimensional approach to measuring local development. These
indicators generally fall into five broad categories: The first consists of
traditional economic indicators, including GDP per capita, unemployment,
poverty, investment, labor productivity, business creation, exports, and wage
levels. The second covers social indicators, such as educational attainment,
life expectancy, healthcare quality, gender equality, public safety, and
housing conditions. These measures form the backbone of the United Nations'
Human Development Index. A third category focuses on infrastructure, assessing
the quality of roads, access to electricity and clean water, sanitation, public
transportation, and digital connectivity. The fourth evaluates environmental
sustainability, including air quality, waste management, carbon emissions,
water efficiency, and the availability of green spaces. Yet perhaps the most
remarkable transformation has come from the rise of big data, satellite
imagery, and artificial intelligence, which have introduced entirely new ways
of measuring economic activity and local prosperity.
Among the most influential innovations
is the use of nighttime satellite imagery. Satellites operated by NASA and the
U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration capture images of the
Earth's surface after dark, allowing researchers to measure the intensity of
artificial lighting. Institutions such as the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund increasingly use these data as a proxy for local economic
activity, particularly in countries or regions where reliable official
statistics are scarce. Numerous studies have shown that brighter nighttime
lights are strongly associated with higher levels of income, employment, urban
development, education, and access to public services.
Nighttime lights have become
especially valuable in conflict-affected countries such as Syria, Yemen, and
Sudan, where conventional economic statistics are often unavailable or
unreliable. They have even been used to monitor economic activity in North Korea,
offering researchers rare insights into regional development patterns that
would otherwise remain invisible.
But satellite lights represent only
one element of a rapidly expanding toolkit. International institutions
increasingly use electricity consumption as a high-frequency indicator of
economic activity, since industrial production, commercial activity, and
household consumption all influence electricity demand.
Mobile phone data have become another
valuable resource, helping analysts measure population movements, tourism
flows, commuting patterns, and post-disaster recovery. Likewise, electronic
payment systems and credit card transactions provide near real-time information
about household spending, consumer confidence, and commercial activity.
Artificial intelligence has also
opened entirely new frontiers. By analyzing satellite images of buildings,
roads, and urban expansion, AI algorithms can estimate housing quality,
identify informal settlements, and even predict poverty levels in areas where
household surveys are unavailable.
The World Bank has also developed
measures based on travel time to essential services, assessing how long it
takes residents to reach schools, hospitals, markets, or major roads.
Accessibility, after all, is an essential component of development.
Other unconventional indicators are
equally revealing. Satellite-based vegetation indices help monitor agricultural
productivity and food security. Property prices provide insights into the
attractiveness and competitiveness of cities. Hotel occupancy rates measure
tourism performance. Broadband internet speed reflects digital readiness. Even
municipal solid waste generation has been used in several advanced economies as
a proxy for economic activity and consumption.
What do these developments mean for
Jordan? They present an opportunity to move beyond traditional statistics and
establish a Smart Local Development Index capable of measuring the performance
of governorates, districts, and municipalities regularly. Such an index could
integrate conventional economic and social statistics with modern data sources,
including satellite imagery, electricity consumption, digital payments, mobile
phone mobility, and artificial intelligence.
The benefits would extend well beyond
statistical reporting; instead of allocating development spending based
primarily on historical patterns or administrative considerations, policymakers
could identify the areas most in need of investment, evaluate the impact of
infrastructure projects, compare regional performance objectively, and link
development budgets to measurable outcomes.
Around the world, the measurement of
development is moving beyond GDP toward a richer understanding of
prosperity—one that incorporates quality of life, opportunity, sustainability,
and spatial inclusion. Advances in remote sensing, big data, and artificial
intelligence are making it possible to monitor local development with
unprecedented precision and frequency.
For Jordan, embracing this
transformation would not simply represent an improvement in statistical
methodology. It would provide a strategic decision-making tool capable of
directing investment where it is needed most, narrowing regional disparities,
improving policy evaluation, and supporting a more inclusive and sustainable
model of economic development. In an era where data increasingly shape public policy,
the countries that measure development more intelligently will also be the ones
best positioned to manage it more effectively.
* The writer is a Former Jordanian
Minister of State for Economic Affairs.
Published in Jordan Times/ August 18, 2026
https://jordantimes.com/opinion/yusuf-mansur/from-gdp-to-nightlights-how-doesthe-worldmeasurelocaldevelopment